![]() This allows the use of a value of a different type from the items in the collection. How does this code come up with its initial a? The starting point for the number of incidences of ‘Sam’ cannot be ‘Mary read a story to Sam and Isla.’ The initial accumulator is specified with the third argument to reduce(). Sentences = sam_count = reduce ( lambda a, x : a + x. Every other “functional” thing can be derived from this property. It doesn’t rely on data outside the current function, and it doesn’t change data that exists outside the current function. Functional code is characterised by one thing: the absence of side effects. These are advantageous properties of functional programs. They mention parallelization 5, lazy evaluation 6 and determinism 7. These are programming techniques used to write functional code. ![]() ![]() They mention mapping, reducing, pipelining, recursing, currying 4 and the use of higher order functions. These are language features that aid functional programming. They mention immutable data 1, first class functions 2 and tail call optimisation 3. When people talk about functional programming, they mention a dizzying number of “functional” characteristics. A number of the examples eschew pythonicity in order to demonstrate functional techniques common to many languages: map, reduce, pipeline. The examples are in Python, because many people find Python easy to read. The third section takes a loop that is a long series of successive data transformations and decomposes it into a functional pipeline. The second section takes longer loops, breaks them up into units and makes each unit functional. The first section of the article takes short, data transforming loops and translates them into functional maps and reduces. It shows examples of imperative, unfunctional code that people write every day and translates these examples to a functional style. That is, composition, pipelining, higher order functions. Many functional programming articles teach abstract functional techniques. Code Words – Issue one An introduction to functional programming
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